The Ethics Of Using Stem Cells - 2328 Words

A fairly new area of research has emerged in which scientists are looking into using stem cells for various sources. One of the major problems that arose with this new area of research was the ethics of using embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to conduct research. This brought up problems, especially within the Catholic Church, as to when does life first begin. Taking these undeveloped embryos was seen as taking the life of an unborn child. New insights into this area of research have shed light onto alternative methods of studying using stem cells. This includes the reprogramming of various cells into a state that can be programmed into various tissue types in the body. Of course as promising as this area of research sounds, there are many implications that need to be studied further before scientists are ready to administer such treatment to patients on a large scale. This paper will seek to familiarize readers with stem cells, the idea of pluripotency, what cellular reprogramming is, the benefits and drawbacks of cellular reprogramming, and applications of reprogramming. For starters, a stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that is capable of regenerating itself or becoming induced into a specific tissue or organ for specialized functions under certain physiological functions. All stem cells have the following three things in common: they are capable of renewing and dividing themselves over an extended period of time, they are not specialized, and they are able to give riseShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Unethical About Stem Cell Research?956 Words   |  4 Pagesestablished the theory that every cell comes from a precursor cell. Maximow was deeply involved in histology, the study of plant and animal tissue. Being the first to show that blood cells come from a common precursor cell, he is given the most credit in discovering what is known as stem cells (source #7). Stem cells have the ability to change into other cells such as blood, bone, tissue, and muscle cells. Resea rchers are trying to better understand these foundation cells to create cures and treatmentsRead MoreRights Based Ethics And Stem Cell Research878 Words   |  4 Pages Rights Based Ethics and Stem Cell Research When talking about ethics, we have theoretical ethics and applied ethics. Those these two are different they, are also connected. Theoretical ethics can be defined as the theoretical study of the main concepts and methods of ethics(Ward). This is, basically, studying the ethical language, the concepts, beliefs, and the reasoning of certain ethical theories. Applied ethics are defined as the application and evaluation of the principles that guideRead MoreStem Cell Research : Ethics, Cloning And Curing The Disease1220 Words   |  5 PagesOutline Stem Cell Research - Ethics, Cloning and Curing the Disease Introduction According to former Speaker of the House, John Boehner, †Stem cell research must be carried out in an ethical manner in a way that respects the sanctity of human life.† In recent events, stem cell research has caught the attention of the nation and stirred up controversy about the research and ethics along with it. Ethically, stem cell research has caught more attention than the research behind it. Stem cell researchRead MoreRole Of The Wnt / ÃŽÂ’ On The Treatment Of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( Ards )1240 Words   |  5 PagesMany studies have been done regarding stem cells. One study looked at the role of the Wnt/ÃŽ ²-catenin signaling pathway in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into type II alveolar epithelial cells for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This study was done in mice with acute respiratory distress syndrome. ÃŽ ²-catenin or GFP control were transfected into mice mesenchymal stem cells, and these mesenchymal stem cells were put into the trachea tissue of the mice. SeveralRead MoreEthics in Research Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesEthics in Research Research is one of the most successful means of obtaining a wide variety of information concerning limited or broad topics. However, abundant as this information may be, it is important to maintain an ethical outlook to all research topics. As research and its subsequent experimentations advance in light of new generations, the idea of ethics becomes a more prominent issue. Researchers must be aware of the conflicts that their research may bring aboutRead MoreStem Cell Research Essay1706 Words   |  7 Pagestheir educational short film A Stem Cell Story, there are certain stages of development while in the uterus where most of our cells stop dividing and stabilize into a specific kind of cell. They do not mutate throughout our life. These cells are referred to as specialized cells. Once they are damaged or die they cannot regenerate themselves. There is one kind of cell that never specializes during development. They are called stem cells and they are the only known cells that can renew themselves. WhenRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic stem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though this new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics of itRead MoreThe Controversy Of Embryonic Stem Cells1034 Words   |  5 PagesFor decades, researchers’ use of stem cells has caused a controversy and the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development, usage, and destruction of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves the creation, usage and destruction of human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using or destroying human embryos and thus areRead MorePros And Cons Of Stem Cell Research1003 Words   |  5 PagesFoundations Ethics Stem Cell Research Stem Cell Research Explorable.com 1.6M reads 32 Comments Printer-friendly versionSend by emailPDF version Pros And Cons in Research The debate of the pros and cons of stem cell research clearly illustrate the difficult ethics evaluations researchers sometimes must do. All scientists must consider whether the positive effects from their research are likely to be significantly higher than the negative effects. What are Stem Cells? Stem Cells are crucialRead MoreThe Importance Of Stem Cells906 Words   |  4 Pagesepithelial cells are obtained from eye banks, where eyes can be donated for corneal transplants. Most often the corneas and retinas are removed and thrown. Which makes these discarded parts available for researchers to extract adult stem cells from. â€Å"Everything worth knowing about †¦ stem cells† (2016) Muscles have millions of adult stem cells that repair common injuries we all experience throughout life. These are obtained through biopsy. As stated in the article, they soak the cells â€Å" in a cocktail

Should Sex Be Defined As The Act Of Intercourse Essay

Not Just Your Urban Dictionary Definition: Sex If you put â€Å"sex† into your google search engine, you may discover a lot more than you were hoping to research. For one thing, sex can be defined as the gender that a person currently identifies themselves as. It is also the Latin stem word meaning â€Å"six.† However, for the purpose of this paper, sex will be defined as the act of intercourse. The word itself contains a multitude of connotations—frightening, disgusting, hilarious, offensive, and pleasurable. There are also numerous variations of the word that essentially contain the same meaning: coitus, fornication, making love, screwing around. Sex can also have different meanings at different stages of life. The definition of the word sex has changed through time and is also regularly oversimplified while it can hold many more meanings than it is generally thought to have. Though once considered a taboo topic to discuss, sex is now a frequent part of our conversations, jokes, and favorite shows. Television shows that may have been considered raunchy 20 years ago reign, and sexual references are made within song lyrics without attempting to hide it subtly like it was in the past. Sexual education is often a required course for even elementary students to take, where our parents and grandparents were not given this opportunity and had to figure it out for themselves. Additionally, sex was once considered only for procreation and not to be mentioned outside of the bedroom. However,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Incest1350 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important definitions for the people involved, though the laws and psychologists meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest. The people who commit incest, and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definitionRead MoreIncest: Marriage and Pg1400 Words   |  6 Pagesmost important definitions for the people involved, though the law s and psychologists meanings are not much the same. Incest needs to be similarly defined for the incestuous parties, both by the law and by psychologists. The definition of incest should be determined by the cases of incest. The people who commit incest, and the types of incest should be considered when making this definition for the law. Why incest occurs has a great deal to do with the people and the types of incest. With the definitionRead MoreMorality of Sex Essay1107 Words   |  5 Pagesmorality of sex in different situations. Perhaps we worry about it so much because it is such an intimate and significant event. From a purely biological standpoint, sexual intercourse is the means for what might be considered the most important biological function of humans – reproduction, the continuation of our species. But, as beings concerned with not only the biological aspects of life but also with morality, we must ask the question: when is it morally appropriate to engage in sex? Let usRead MoreThe As A Ground For Divorce1492 Words   |  6 Pagesvoidable and null. As it has been defined by the Black’s law Dictionary the term ‘impotence’ â€Å"In medical Jurisprudence. The incapacity for copulation or propagatingthe species. Properly used of the male; but it has also been used synonymously withsterility. Grif feth v. Griff- eth, 102 111. 30S, 44 N. E. 820;† .It simply means a man who is not capable of having erection while having sex is known to be an impotent man while a woman who does not wishes to have sex or the improper vagina due to whichRead MoreThe Church and the Topic of the Use of Contraception1095 Words   |  4 Pagesdeliberate violation of the natural law that God gave us. God intended sexual intercourse to be between a man and a woman who are married. The sole purpose of sexual intercourse is to offer the possibility of bringing a new life into the world as well as strengthening the bond, intimacy, and love that husbands and wives share. In a marriage if sexual intercourse becomes unnatural it is harmful to the marriage. Sex is supposed to be used to procreate. By using methods of birth control this preventsRead More Statutory Rape Essay example1092 Words   |  5 Pagesconsent to sex and therefore consider sexual contact with them to be a rape. The age at which individuals are considered to give consent is called the age of consent. The age of consent can ranging from thirteen to twenty-one, depending on the limits set by each state in accordance with local standards of morality. Even sex that violates the age-of-consent laws but is neither violent nor physically forced is described as statutory rape. In most jurisdictions, the expressions â€Å" under-age sex† or â€Å"sex withRead MoreUnnatural Offences : Section 377 Of Ipc Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pagesoffence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual activity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPC deals with unnatural carnal intercourse against the order of natureRead MoreSex Is A Physical Activity1607 Words   |  7 Pagesbefore the real game â€Å"sex† begins. But what is sex? The dictionary definition of sex seems to be deficient, suggesting that sex is a physical activity in which people touch each other s bodies, kiss each other, etc. It even goes on saying that sex is a physical activity that is related to and often includes sexual intercourse. However, I reject the claim that the actions of solely kissing and touching one another constitutes as having sex. I argue that actions can be termed as sex if and only if thereRead MoreUnnatural Offences : Section 377 Of Ipc1530 Words   |  7 Pagesoffence is a consensual sexual act between its players, active or passive. Section 377 of IPC prohibits a consensual homosexual act between two adults even if it is done in private. Roots of this section are biblical and based on the principle that sexual act ivity is for procreation only. Any sexual act, therefore, not fitting that role is considered unnatural and against the order of nature. 3.1 Legislative paradigm Section 377 IPC deals with unnatural carnal intercourse against the order of natureRead MoreSexual Assault Is The Legal Term For Rape922 Words   |  4 PagesChestnut Hill Village in Massachusetts, defined sexual assault as â€Å"any sexual penetration or sexual contact with another individual without consent† (Boston College 2). The policy also included a definition of consent that said â€Å"Consent is the clear and voluntary agreement to engage in particular sexual activity, communicated through mutually understandable words or actions† (Boston College 2). The policy clearly states that without consent any act of sexual intercourse is considered to be rape. Brown University

Judith Ortiz Cofer s The Myth Of The Latin Woman - 997 Words

â€Å"You are what?!† Most of the time wherever I go, the same tone follows me; a cross between shock and disgust. â€Å"I guess we will need a bed,† she commented â€Å"we can t expect anything from her.† She mumbled under her breath. It has happened once again, I have been put into a stereotype. This time it is about being a lazy homeschooler. The girl spoke as if I wasn t in the room or had any feelings, which made my heart a fish on a campfire. This hasn t been the first time I have heard similar remarks, whether it is because I am a woman or a homeschooler. That doesn t make me dumb, lazy or lack social skills. Though most are just myths created by people who make assumptions based on previous experiences with people good or bad and think everyone in that group is the same. Judith Ortiz Cofer s essay The Myth of the Latin Woman by speaks to me because I have had similar experiences and I felt her pain. â€Å"As a Puerto Rican girl growing up in the United States and wanting like most children to belong, I resented the stereotype that my Hispanic appearance called forth fro m many people I met.† (Cofer 204) This brings up the way I feel wherever I am, another quote that hits it close to home is â€Å"Though I now know that most adolescents feel out of step most of the time, I also know that for the Puerto Rican girls of my generation that sense was intensified.† (Cofer 204) I feel out of step all the time and as a woman I often hear stereotypes about how I can t do certain tasksShow MoreRelatedThe Myth Of The Latin Women : I Just Met A Girl Named Maria1466 Words   |  6 Pagesessay The Myth of the Latin Women: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria by Judith Ortiz. The essay I did not believe it had to be in our syllabus because it really did not have to do much with the student learning outcome was The Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson. In the essay of Judith Ortiz The Myth of the Latin Women: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria was an essay I believe many students were able to relate, understand, and reflect with the arguments she pointed out. Judith Ortiz seemedRead MoreOvercoming Racism Essay1244 Words   |  5 Pagesracism in America. Having more class than your opponent and keeping ones dignity is still possible when pursuing equality, though it may not always be easy. Judith Ortiz Cofer tells in her essay, â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman†, what it is like growing up a Puerto Rican woman in white America, also that one does not need violence or cruelty to overcome racism and stereotypes or to gain equality. Americas tend to be closed mindedRead MorePerceptions Paper885 Words   |  4 PagesPerspectives: Effects on Research and Writing Every person s perceptions are entirely inimitable in their own way. Perception, in itself, means to interpret the world around, in one s own way based on their personally acquired morals, values, and fears. Our minds begin to examine and interpret things using these traits. How does this all relate to research and writing? After making interpretations, a person then begins to form an opinion about the subject at hand. When writing, a topic isRead MoreComparison of Two Personal Narratives1264 Words   |  6 Pages(Roberts, 2010). Literary works tend to cover all aspects of living in a society and the theme of racism, social segregation and class systems is often written on. For this assignment I have chosen to compare two personal narratives; The Myth of the Latin Women by Judith Cofer and Outcasts in Salt Lake City by James Weldon Johnson. Both essays cover the struggle of ethnic minorities and individuals who are at the lower end of the social spectrum, as they struggle to inte grate themselves into the mainstreamRead MoreWhen We Judge Another We Define Our Self955 Words   |  4 Pagessee what is inside instead of overlooking it, you might find it interesting after all. This quote by my family member can easily be tied to â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Women: I just met a Girl Named Maria† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, and â€Å"Just walk on By: Black Men and Public Spaces† by Brent Staples. Cofer, talks about how she was stereotyped for being a Latin woman in American culture. Then Staples, talks about how he was discriminated for being a tall, black man that worked as a journalist in a predominantlyRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria820 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay â€Å"The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† by Judith Ortiz Cofer is about deprivation that Latin women go through everyday due to stereotypes that society make up. Stereotypes play a big role in the way that individuals are id entified by society. Cofer describes her personal experiences of being a Latin woman, and her struggles that she has to face because of the stereotypes. Cofer tells us of some incidences that happened throughout her life. Like going to London forRead MoreThe Myth Of The Latin Woman918 Words   |  4 Pagesnot be allowed because it causes people to think less of themselves and limit themselves from one s full potential. Having these stereotypes in our minds really limits our thoughts and opinions about certain things or people. Both essayist Judith Ortiz Cofer, and Brent Staples have personally experienced stereotyping and people thinking wrongly of them. In Cofer’s essay â€Å" The Myth of the Latin Woman: I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† and Staples â€Å"Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Spaces†, they talkRead MoreComparing Mairs And The Myth Of A Latin Wom I Just Met A Girl Named Maria1328 Words   |  6 Pagesby Nancy Mairs and â€Å" The Myth of a Lat in woman : I Just Met a Girl Named Maria† by Judith Ortiz Cofer, the writers have successfully portrayed the feelings that arise in people’s mind based on the way they are identified. In both the essays, the writers tell us how they have been incorrectly labeled and judged by society based on their social, physical and racial appearance, how they are tired of it and how they have come to accept and make peace with it. Mairs and Cofer both prove their point inRead MoreThe Black Men And Public Space By Brent Staples, The Myth Of A Latin Woman, And Shooting2366 Words   |  10 Pages Just Walk on By, Myth of a Latin Woman, and Shooting an Elephant; Depression from Stereotyping and Prejudice There has been many years of racial stereotypes and wanting to fit into a group. The essays that show this theme are Just Walk on By: Black Men and Public Space by Brent Staples, The Myth of the Latin Woman by Judith Ortiz Cofer, and Shooting an Elephant by George Orwell. Staples shows his audience the struggles he has gone through as a black male. Cofer shows her audience the stereotypesRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Society Is Not Achieved By Chance Or By Default1446 Words   |  6 PagesDr. King’s message of racial equality resonated with thousands of individuals across a wide range of cultures and beliefs. The values he fought for were not political, religious, ethnic specific values, but they were were universal ones. In the 1950’s, the African American community at large felt betrayed by a government that spoke of unity and equality, but was in practice, prejudiced and discriminatory towards African Americans (King 203). Dr. King’s message was about the irony and hypocrisy of

Basal Breast Cancer Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research on Basal Breast Cancer. Answer: Introduction This research was designed bearing in mind the increased cases and mortalities associated with breast cancer. More specifically is the basal like breast cancer in which the cancer cells move to distant tissues and make them different to treat. For instance, the breast cancer cells may move to the tissues where they metastasize and further form lesion on these tissues (Le et al., 2014). Research however indicates that the basal breast cancer cells depends on making alterations on both genetic as well as epigenetic mechanisms in order to complete the process of metastasis. This study was thus set up to find out whether targeting some genes can be important in the treatment of basal like breast cancer (Mavaddat et al., 2015). The interleukins are important in cell processes and thus are in significant numbers in cancer cells. The interleukins, for instance IL 3 is involved in cell growth, maturation and differentiation. More specifically, IL13R2 and IL13R1 compete for the binding to the ir receptors and can be used interchangeably. Previous gene profiling of IL13R2 indicated that this gene is abundant in lung metastasis but its role in cancer has not been clear (Papageorgis et al., 2015). As such, unbiased gene profiling using basal breast cancer was used to determine the roles of IL13R2 in metastasis. Methodology The major method used in this experiment was the gene expression profiling as well as the in silico leveraging of pre-existing breast tumor transcriptomes. In this case, the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 was knocked through the mediation of lentivirus. This was accompanied by imaging process which made use of bioluminescence to determine the role of this interleukin in breast cancer and metastasis in the lungs (Papageorgis et al., 2015). Further, confirmatory tests were carried out using microarrays and cell migration tests to better understand the molecular pathways which play part in basal breast cancer and lung metastasis. A weakness of this gene profiling method is that it is not possible to determine the roles of other genes like serpin B3, serpin B4 and CD36 which are also regulated by interleukin 13. Since this is a genetics approach, the biochemical methods which would have been used would be the Elisa tests. In this case, antibodies specific for the IL13R2 interleukin woul d be directed to specific sites in the breast and lung tissues. These would then be coupled with a secondary antibody which is specific for the breast cancers and the reaction measured via the spectrophotometer for either light absorbance or transmittance at a given wavelength. Results The authors were able to prove their hypothesis that when IL13R2 targets IL-13-STAT6-TP63, it alters the breast cancer metastasis. The authors in this research concluded that when there is an overexpression of the IL13R2 leads to increased metastasis in the lungs in some sunsets of basal like breast cancer. Moreover, for the first time, it has been discovered that there exists IL-13-STAT6-TP63 which is an antimigratory signaling molecule which can reduce the rate if metastasis in the breast cancer cells. The control experiment which was used in this research was the histology and immunochemistry in order to make confirmation of the results of microarray analysis on the role of IL13R2 in metastasis. It is this assumed that the IL13R2 can be used for therapeutic purposes to treat breast cancer (Papageorgis et al., 2015). This could be done by amplifying the gene coding for IL13R2 such that it leads to the increased expression of IL-13-STAT6-TP63 which in turn lowers the rate of metasta sis in the lungs and other tissues in patients suffering from breast cancer. The observed results could also be as a result of the orphan chemokine CXCL17 which is regulated by IL-3 genes and facilitates progression to cancer (Matsui et al., 2012). References Le, M. T., Hamar, P., Guo, C., Basar, E., Perdigo-Henriques, R., Balaj, L., Lieberman, J. (2014). miR-200containing extracellular vesicles promote breast cancer cell metastasis. The Journal of clinical investigation, 124(12), 5109. Matsui, A., Yokoo, H., Negishi, Y., Endo-Takahashi, Y., Chun, N. A., Kadouchi, I., ... Kobayashi, E. (2012). CXCL17 Expression by Tumor Cells Recruits CD11b+ Gr1highF4/80 Cells and Promotes Tumor Progression. PloS one, 7(8), e44080. Mavaddat, N., Pharoah, P. D., Michailidou, K., Tyrer, J., Brook, M. N., Bolla, M. K., ... Luben, R. (2015). Prediction of breast cancer risk based on profiling with common genetic variants. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(5). Papageorgis, P., Ozturk, S., Lambert, A. W., Neophytou, C. M., Tzatsos, A., Wong, C. K., ... Constantinou, A. I. (2015). Targeting IL13Ralpha2 activates STAT6-TP63 pathway to suppress breast cancer lung metastasis. Breast Cancer Research, 17(1), 98.