Basal Breast Cancer Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Research on Basal Breast Cancer. Answer: Introduction This research was designed bearing in mind the increased cases and mortalities associated with breast cancer. More specifically is the basal like breast cancer in which the cancer cells move to distant tissues and make them different to treat. For instance, the breast cancer cells may move to the tissues where they metastasize and further form lesion on these tissues (Le et al., 2014). Research however indicates that the basal breast cancer cells depends on making alterations on both genetic as well as epigenetic mechanisms in order to complete the process of metastasis. This study was thus set up to find out whether targeting some genes can be important in the treatment of basal like breast cancer (Mavaddat et al., 2015). The interleukins are important in cell processes and thus are in significant numbers in cancer cells. The interleukins, for instance IL 3 is involved in cell growth, maturation and differentiation. More specifically, IL13R2 and IL13R1 compete for the binding to the ir receptors and can be used interchangeably. Previous gene profiling of IL13R2 indicated that this gene is abundant in lung metastasis but its role in cancer has not been clear (Papageorgis et al., 2015). As such, unbiased gene profiling using basal breast cancer was used to determine the roles of IL13R2 in metastasis. Methodology The major method used in this experiment was the gene expression profiling as well as the in silico leveraging of pre-existing breast tumor transcriptomes. In this case, the interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2 was knocked through the mediation of lentivirus. This was accompanied by imaging process which made use of bioluminescence to determine the role of this interleukin in breast cancer and metastasis in the lungs (Papageorgis et al., 2015). Further, confirmatory tests were carried out using microarrays and cell migration tests to better understand the molecular pathways which play part in basal breast cancer and lung metastasis. A weakness of this gene profiling method is that it is not possible to determine the roles of other genes like serpin B3, serpin B4 and CD36 which are also regulated by interleukin 13. Since this is a genetics approach, the biochemical methods which would have been used would be the Elisa tests. In this case, antibodies specific for the IL13R2 interleukin woul d be directed to specific sites in the breast and lung tissues. These would then be coupled with a secondary antibody which is specific for the breast cancers and the reaction measured via the spectrophotometer for either light absorbance or transmittance at a given wavelength. Results The authors were able to prove their hypothesis that when IL13R2 targets IL-13-STAT6-TP63, it alters the breast cancer metastasis. The authors in this research concluded that when there is an overexpression of the IL13R2 leads to increased metastasis in the lungs in some sunsets of basal like breast cancer. Moreover, for the first time, it has been discovered that there exists IL-13-STAT6-TP63 which is an antimigratory signaling molecule which can reduce the rate if metastasis in the breast cancer cells. The control experiment which was used in this research was the histology and immunochemistry in order to make confirmation of the results of microarray analysis on the role of IL13R2 in metastasis. It is this assumed that the IL13R2 can be used for therapeutic purposes to treat breast cancer (Papageorgis et al., 2015). This could be done by amplifying the gene coding for IL13R2 such that it leads to the increased expression of IL-13-STAT6-TP63 which in turn lowers the rate of metasta sis in the lungs and other tissues in patients suffering from breast cancer. The observed results could also be as a result of the orphan chemokine CXCL17 which is regulated by IL-3 genes and facilitates progression to cancer (Matsui et al., 2012). References Le, M. T., Hamar, P., Guo, C., Basar, E., Perdigo-Henriques, R., Balaj, L., Lieberman, J. (2014). miR-200containing extracellular vesicles promote breast cancer cell metastasis. The Journal of clinical investigation, 124(12), 5109. Matsui, A., Yokoo, H., Negishi, Y., Endo-Takahashi, Y., Chun, N. A., Kadouchi, I., ... Kobayashi, E. (2012). CXCL17 Expression by Tumor Cells Recruits CD11b+ Gr1highF4/80 Cells and Promotes Tumor Progression. PloS one, 7(8), e44080. Mavaddat, N., Pharoah, P. D., Michailidou, K., Tyrer, J., Brook, M. N., Bolla, M. K., ... Luben, R. (2015). Prediction of breast cancer risk based on profiling with common genetic variants. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 107(5). Papageorgis, P., Ozturk, S., Lambert, A. W., Neophytou, C. M., Tzatsos, A., Wong, C. K., ... Constantinou, A. I. (2015). Targeting IL13Ralpha2 activates STAT6-TP63 pathway to suppress breast cancer lung metastasis. Breast Cancer Research, 17(1), 98.